Cornus

Dogwood trees hold symbolic value in North America, representing renewal and beauty. Cornus florida is the state tree of Virginia and North Carolina, and dogwood motifs appear in art, literature, and folklore. In Eurasia, the fruits of Cornus mas and Cornus officinalis are used in traditional medicine and cuisine, further underscoring the genus's cultural reach.

• Dogwood flowers are not true petals but large bracts that surround tiny blossoms.
• The bark of mature dogwoods is often described as resembling alligator skin.
• Some species, such as Cornelian cherry, produce edible fruits used in jams and syrups.
• Dogwoods are susceptible to anthracnose, a fungal disease that can threaten wild and cultivated populations.
• Dogwood trees can live for over 80 years in optimal conditions.

Dogwoods play a vital role in forest and woodland ecosystems. Their flowers attract pollinators, while the red drupes provide food for birds and small mammals. As understorey trees, dogwoods contribute to habitat complexity, sheltering wildlife and supporting insect populations. Their presence enhances biodiversity and stabilizes soil in shaded, moist environments.

• Flowering dogwood (Cornus florida): Iconic for its spring blooms and autumn foliage, native to eastern North America.
• Pacific dogwood (Cornus nuttallii): Native to western North America, noted for larger flowers and stature.
• Cornelian cherry (Cornus mas): Eurasian species valued for edible fruit and ornamental qualities.
• Japanese cornel (Cornus officinalis): East Asian species, cultivated for medicinal fruit and yellow early-spring flowers.

Dogwoods are distributed across temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere, including North America, Europe, and Asia. Cornus florida is native to eastern North America, thriving in moist, well-drained, acidic soils and partial shade. Other species occupy woodlands, forest edges, and open sites, often forming part of the understorey in mixed forests.

To cultivate dogwoods successfully, plant them in moist, well-drained, acidic soils with partial shade, though they can tolerate full sun if adequately watered. Mulch to maintain soil moisture and protect roots. Prune dead or diseased branches to improve air circulation and reduce disease risk. Monitor for signs of anthracnose, powdery mildew, and borers, choosing disease-resistant cultivars when possible. Propagation is typically by seed, softwood cuttings, or grafting for selected varieties.

Major threats to dogwoods include fungal diseases such as dogwood anthracnose (Discula destructiva), powdery mildew, and insect borers. Habitat loss and environmental stressors also impact wild populations. Conservation efforts focus on breeding disease-resistant cultivars, monitoring wild stands, and promoting responsible landscaping practices to preserve genetic diversity and ecosystem roles.

Dogwoods are economically significant as ornamental trees, valued for their spring flowers and autumn color in landscaping and public spaces. The dense wood of some species has historic uses in toolmaking and crafts. Fruits from Cornus mas and Cornus officinalis are harvested for jams, syrups, and traditional medicines in Eurasia, while dogwoods also contribute to ecological restoration and wildlife support.

Dogwoods symbolize renewal, endurance, and beauty in North American culture, appearing in state emblems and local folklore. Legends often associate the dogwood with themes of rebirth and transformation, and its blossoms are celebrated in festivals and art. In Eurasia, the Cornelian cherry is linked to health and longevity, reflecting its medicinal uses and cultural esteem.

• Look for a small to medium tree with a single trunk and rounded crown.
• Leaves are simple, opposite, and ovate, with prominent veins curving toward the tip.
• Springtime brings large white or pink bracts surrounding tiny flowers.
• Bark on mature trees is scaly and blocky, resembling alligator skin.
• Red, berry-like drupes appear in late summer to fall, often clustered at branch tips.