Mozambique Tilapia

As a staple protein source in many regions, Mozambique tilapia holds cultural and economic importance, especially in subsistence and small-scale aquaculture. Its mild-flavored, firm white flesh is enjoyed grilled, fried, steamed, or in stews. In some areas, it is also recognized as an invasive species, impacting native aquatic ecosystems and prompting management efforts.

• First described in 1852 by Wilhelm Peters from Mozambique's Zambezi River basin.
• Highly adaptable, tolerating salinities up to 20–25 ppt and temperatures from 17°C to 35°C.
• Females mouthbrood eggs and fry for 10–14 days, protecting offspring during early development.
• Widely introduced worldwide for aquaculture, with various strains and hybrids developed.
• Considered invasive in some regions, where it competes with native fish species.

The Mozambique tilapia is native to freshwater habitats in southeastern Africa, particularly the Zambezi River basin in Mozambique. It inhabits rivers, lakes, and reservoirs and tolerates a broad range of environmental conditions, including brackish waters with salinities up to 20–25 ppt. Due to human introductions, it now occurs in parts of Asia, the Americas, and other African regions, often thriving in warm freshwater systems.

This omnivorous fish feeds on a varied diet including algae, detritus, small invertebrates, and plant material. Its flexible feeding habits allow it to exploit diverse food sources in different habitats, contributing to its adaptability and success in both wild and farmed environments.

Mozambique tilapia reaches sexual maturity between three and six months of age. Reproduction involves mouthbrooding, where females carry fertilized eggs and young fry in their mouths for 10 to 14 days, providing protection during early development. Spawning typically occurs in freshwater environments, with breeding behaviors influenced by water temperature and habitat conditions.

Extensively farmed worldwide, Mozambique tilapia is raised in ponds, cages, and reservoirs using selective breeding and hybridization techniques, especially with Nile tilapia, to improve growth and yield. Production yields range from 1 to 5 tons per hectare annually under intensive management. Its moderate growth rate and tolerance to variable water quality make it suitable for diverse aquaculture settings, though it requires careful management to prevent overcrowding and maintain genetic integrity.

While Mozambique tilapia populations are generally stable due to widespread farming and introduction, the species is considered invasive in many non-native regions, where it threatens local biodiversity. Its susceptibility to diseases and hybridization poses challenges for conservation and aquaculture. Management efforts focus on balancing its economic value with ecological impacts, ensuring sustainable use and protection of native fish communities.